Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of
activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of …

Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone
morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic …

Epithelial and hematopoietic cells have a high turnover and their progenitor cells divide
continuously, making them prime targets for genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to cell …

The TGF-β family comprises many structurally related differentiation factors that act through
a heteromeric receptor complex at the cell surface and an intracellular signal transducing …

The deployment of a cell's genetic program in a multicellular organism must be tightly
controlled for the sake of the organism as a whole. Over the past 20 years the transforming …

It is now becoming apparent that dynamic changes occur within the interstitium that directly
contribute to adverse myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI), with …

TGF-β1 is a ubiquitous growth factor that is implicated in the control of proliferation,
migration, differentiation, and survival of many different cell types. It influences such diverse …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β represents a prototype of multifunctional cytokine. Its
broad activities include, among others, context-specific inhibition or stimulation of cell …

When considering the pathological steps in the progression from cardiac overload towards
the full clinical syndrome of heart failure, it is becoming increasingly clear that the …

Members of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily bind to two different
serine/threonine kinase receptors, ie type I and type II receptors. Upon ligand binding, type I …