Cadmium is a heavy toxic metal with unknown biological functions in the human body. Over
time, cadmium accretion in the different visceral organs (liver, lungs, kidney, and testis) is …

Bone homeostasis is a complex process, wherein osteoclasts resorb bone and osteoblasts
produce new bone tissue. For the maintenance of skeletal integrity, this sequence has to be …

Numerous problematic disorders such as vitamin D (Vit-D) deficiency subsequent to large
iron loading can be developed in patients with β-thalassemia. The study aimed to estimate …

Hemoglobinopathies, including β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD), are common
genetic blood disorders. Endocrine disorders are frequent manifestations of organ damage …

Beta-thalassemia (BTH), a recessively inherited haemoglobin (Hb) disorder, causes iron
overload (IO), extra-medullary haematopoiesis and bone marrow expansion with major …

An association between anemia and an increased risk of osteoporosis has been suggested.
The goal of this study was to estimate the association of hemoglobin (Hb) level with …

Secondary osteoporosis is a common clinical problem faced by bone specialists, with a
higher frequency in men than in women. One of several causes of secondary osteoporosis is …

Beta thalassemia is the most common genetic blood disorder, characterized by reduced
production or complete absence of beta-globin chains. The combination of systematic red …

Osteoporosis represents a relevant cause of morbidity in adult Thalassemia Major (TM)
population. Antiresorptive drugs such as bisphosphonates were demonstrated effective in …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among
premenopausal women. PCOS may have reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular, and …