Numerous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are attributed to the selective
death of distinct neuronal cell populations. Interestingly, in many of these conditions, a …

Although the physiological function of α‐synuclein is not fully understood, it has been
suggested to primarily localize to the presynaptic terminals of mature neurons, where it …

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia
nigra leading to disabling deficits. Dopamine neuron grafts may provide a significant …

Human pluripotent stem cells show considerable promise for applications in regenerative
medicine, including the development of cell replacement paradigms for the treatment of …

Recent reports demonstrate that somatic mouse cells can be directly converted to other
mature cell types by using combined expression of defined factors. Here we show that the …

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are defined by their extensive self-renewal capacity and
their potential to differentiate into any cell type of the human body. The challenge in using …

Standard cell culture systems impose environmental oxygen (O2) levels of 20%, whereas
actual tissue O2 levels in both developing and adult brain are an order of magnitude lower …

The prospect of using cell replacement therapies has raised the key issue of whether
elucidation of developmental pathways can facilitate the generation of therapeutically …

How dopamine (DA) neuronal subtypes are specified remains unknown. In this study we
show a robust generation of functional DA neurons from human embryonic stem cells …

Idiopathic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) has been linked to
autonomic nervous system dysregulation and/or dysfunction (ANSD) since it was first …