Plants are exposed to an ever-changing environment to which they have to adjust
accordingly. Their response is tightly regulated by complex signaling pathways that all start …

Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the
world in coming decades. Plants reduce growth and development process during stress …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are endogenously produced by several plant organelles
and compartments, particularly those with high electron transport rates, such as chloroplasts …

As sessile organisms, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them to rapidly
perceive and respond to stresses in the environment. Among the evolutionarily conserved …

It is well established that oxidative stress is an important cause of cellular damage. During
stress conditions, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various …

Eukaryotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have evolved to transduce
environmental and developmental signals into adaptive and programmed responses. MAPK …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that
establish signaling modules where MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) activate MAPK …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play diverse roles in intra-and extra-
cellular signaling in plants. MAP kinases are the component of kinase modules which …

Transcriptional reprogramming is integral to effective plant defense. Pathogen effectors act
transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally to suppress defense responses. A major challenge …