Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light‐
weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage …

There is a general increase in the number of patients with non-healing skin wounds,
imposing a huge social and economic burden on patients and healthcare systems. Severe …

Biological materials are typically multifunctional but many have evolved to optimize a chief
mechanical function. These functions include impact or fracture resistance, armor and …

Through evolution, nature has presented a set of remarkable protein materials, including
elastins, silks, keratins and collagens with superior mechanical performances that play …

The understanding of the basic physical relationships between nano-scale structural
variables and the macroscale properties of polymer nanocomposites remains in its infancy …

One of the most intriguing protein materials found in nature is bone, a material composed of
assemblies of tropocollagen molecules and tiny hydroxyapatite mineral crystals that form an …

Abstract Development of advanced synthetic materials that can mimic the mechanical
properties of non-mineralized soft biological materials has important implications in a wide …

In contrast to synthetic materials, evolutionary developments in biology have resulted in
materials with remarkable structural properties, made out of relatively weak constituents …

Biological composites have evolved elaborate hierarchical structures to achieve outstanding
mechanical properties using weak but readily available building blocks. Combining the …

The extraordinary properties of biological materials often result from their sophisticated
hierarchical structures. Through multilevel and cross-scale structural designs, biological …