In the early 1950s, Austin and Chang independently described the changes that are
required for the sperm to fertilize oocytes in vivo. These changes were originally grouped …

BACKGROUND Sperm hyperactivation is critical to fertilization, because it is required for
penetration of the zona pellucida. Hyperactivation may also facilitate release of sperm from …

The Catsper channel is a sperm-specific, Ca 2+-permeable, pH-dependent, and low voltage-
dependent channel that is essential for the hyperactivity of sperm flagellum, chemotaxis …

Sperm motility is linked to the activation of signaling pathways that trigger movement. These
pathways are mainly dependent on Ca2+, which acts as a secondary messenger. The …

A number of physiological events, such as sperm hyperactivation, chemotaxis towards the
egg, capacitation and acrosome reaction, are triggered by activation of sperm ion channels …

Functional differentiation of spermatogonia associated with detection of c-kit positive cells
did not depend upon expression of Dazl. RBMY-positive cells (A, intermediate, B …

In mammals, sperm fertilization potential relies on efficient progression within the female
genital tract to reach and fertilize the oocyte. This fundamental property is supported by the …

Introduction 3.[Ca2+] i regulation in mammalian sperm: the sperm's Ca2+-signalling toolkit
3.1 Ca2+ handling at the plasma membrane–Ca2+ channels and pumps 3.2 Intracellular …

Binding sites for LH/hCG are found in the uterus of several species, including humans. In
cattle and pigs, the LH receptor, its mRNA and LH receptor protein are present in the uterus …

Bradykinin (BK) is produced and acts at the site of injury and inflammation. In the CNS,
migration of microglia toward the lesion site plays an important role pathologically. In the …