The membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger innate immune responses after
recognition of a wide variety of pathogen-derived compounds. Despite the wide range of …

The adaptive immune system (AIS) in mammals, which is centred on lymphocytes bearing
antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, arose approximately 500 …

High‐resolution experimental structural determination of protein–protein interactions has led
to valuable mechanistic insights, yet due to the massive number of interactions and …

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the
immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical …

From a technical point of view a flow cytometer is a light detection device capable of
detecting photons of different wavelengths over a high dynamic range. In order to achieve a …

Lampreys are representatives of an ancient vertebrate lineage that diverged from our own∼
500 million years ago. By virtue of this deeply shared ancestry, the sea lamprey (P. marinus) …

Background Proteinaceous toxins are observed across all levels of inter-organismal and
intra-genomic conflicts. These include recently discovered prokaryotic polymorphic toxin …

Adaptive immunity is mediated through numerous genetic and cellular processes that
generate favourable somatic variants of antigen-binding receptors under evolutionary …

Lampreys and hagfish are primitive jawless vertebrates capable of mounting specific
immune responses. Lampreys possess different types of lymphocytes, akin to T and B cells …

Fishes are the most successful and diverse group of vertebrate animals, first appeared
during Devonian period. Despite of certain differences, the immune system of fish is …