The basic building blocks of communication are signals, assembled in various sequences
and combinations, and used in virtually all inter-and intra-specific interactions. While signal …

Multimodal defensive displays are commonplace, with prey combining conspicuous
coloration, sounds, odours and other chemical emissions to deter predators. These …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Communication involves complex behavior in multiple sensory channels, or “modalities.” We
provide an overview of multimodal communication and its costs and benefits, place …

Publisher Summary Birds can see ultraviolet (UV) light because, unlike humans, their lenses
and other ocular media transmit UV, and they possess a class of photoreceptor, which is …

Conspicuous warning signals of unprofitable prey are a defense against visually hunting
predators. They work because predators learn to associate unprofitability with bright …

Food-deceptive flowers are pollinated by animals that expect a reward but are cheated.
Such plants profit from their similarity to rewarding plants and should develop signals that …

The paradox of avian olfaction lies in an apparent discrepancy between two sorts of data. On
the one hand, the everyday observations of generations of ornithologists suggest that birds …

Multimodal warning displays combine visual signals with components produced in other
sensory modalities, for instance, aposematically coloured insects often produce a pungent …

The question,“Why should prey advertise their presence to predators using warning
coloration?” has been asked for over 150 years. It is now widely acknowledged that …