Background Missing data are common in observational studies and often occur in several of
the variables required when estimating a causal effect, ie the exposure, outcome and/or …

Background The possible mediating role of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the relationship
between alcohol use disorders (AUD) and the risk of early-onset (< age 65) and late-onset …

Research suggests that work-related factors like job insecurity increases the risk of major
depression (MD), although it is unclear whether the association is causal. Research further …

Early health problems predict lower educational attainment, but it remains unclear whether
this is due to health problems weakening school performance or due to other mechanisms …

Background Sleep disturbances, frailty, and body pain are widespread in middle-aged and
older adults with depression, and have been identified as depression risk factors. However …

Background: Prior studies suggest neighborhood poverty and deprivation are associated
with adverse health outcomes including death, but evidence is limited among persons with …

Low childhood income is an established risk factor of self-harm in adolescence and young
adulthood, and childhood income is additionally associated with various correlates of self …

Background Improving hypertension control is an important global health priority, yet, to our
knowledge, there is no direct evidence on the relationship between blood pressure and …

Background Over the past decade, antidepressant prescriptions have increased in
European countries and the United States, partly due to an increase in the number of new …

The parametric g-formula can be used to estimate causal effects of time-varying exposures
or treatments on observable outcomes. In such a longitudinal setting, time-varying …