Clinical conditions causing hair loss, such as androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, and
scarring alopecia, can be psychologically devastating to individuals and are the target of a …

Insects possess a cuticle that covers all tissues exposed to the outside world including the
body, the fore-and hindgut and the luminal side of the tracheae. The cuticle is a …

In animals, Hox transcription factors define regional identity in distinct anatomical domains.
How Hox genes encode this specificity is a paradox, because different Hox proteins bind …

Genes include cis-regulatory regions that contain transcriptional enhancers. Recent reports
have shown that developmental genes often possess multiple discrete enhancer modules …

Recent revelations that the canonical Wnt signaling pathway promotes postnatal bone
accrual are major advances in our understanding of skeletal biology and bring tremendous …

Cell plasticity regulated by the balance between the mesenchymal to epithelial transition
(MET) and the opposite program, EMT, is critical in the metastatic cascade. Several …

A substantial proportion of eukaryotic transcripts are considered to be noncoding RNAs
because they contain only short open reading frames (sORFs). Recent findings suggest …

Lymphoid enhancer factor/T cell factor proteins (LEF/TCFs) mediate Wnt signals in the
nucleus by recruiting β-catenin and its co-activators to Wnt response elements (WREs) of …

The Wingless (Wg) pathway represents one of the best-characterized intercellular signaling
networks. Studies performed in Drosophila over the last 30 years have contributed to our …

One central, and yet unsolved, question in evolutionary biology is the relationship between
the genetic variants segregating within species and the causes of morphological differences …