The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against
Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is …

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that is increasing in prevalence and causes many
complications. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complication of diabetes that is …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

Abstract Families of innate immune receptors serve as the bodies primary defence system
by recognising and rapidly responding to infection by microorganisms or to endogenous …

Innate immune pattern recognition receptors, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are key
mediators of the immune response to infection and central to our understanding of health …

Gut-derived bacterial LPS plays an essential role in inducing intestinal and systemic
inflammatory responses and have been implicated as a pathogenic factor in necrotizing …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) prolongs hospital stay and increases mortality in various clinical
settings. Ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), nephrotoxic agents and infection leading to …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

Foreign nucleic acids, the signature of invading viruses and certain bacteria, are sensed
intracellularly. The nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect and signal within …

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines comprises 11 proteins (IL-1F1 to IL-1F11)
encoded by 11 distinct genes in humans and mice. IL-1–type cytokines are major mediators …