The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful tool to probe in vivo brain circuits, as it
allows to assess several cortical properties such as excitability, plasticity and connectivity in …

The combination of pharmacology and transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the effects
of drugs on TMS-evoked EMG responses (pharmaco-TMS-EMG) has considerably improved …

Background In recent years, many studies have evaluated the effects of noninvasive brain
stimulation (NIBS) techniques for the treatment of several neurological and psychiatric …

Objective To assess whether exposure to non-invasive brain stimulation with transcranial
alternating current stimulation at γ frequency (γ-tACS) applied over Pz (an area overlying the …

These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on “Non-invasive electrical
and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for noninvasive stimulation of the
human brain. Stimulation is produced by generating a brief, high-intensity magnetic field by …

This review presents the neurophysiologic principles and clinical applications of transcranial
magnetic stimulation (TMS) and other related techniques of noninvasive cortical stimulation …

Circadian rhythms have natural relative variations among humans known as chronotype.
Chronotype or being a morning or evening person, has a specific physiological …

Background and purpose Fatigue and cognitive difficulties are reported as the most
frequently persistent symptoms in patients after mild SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. An extensive …