ZAP-70 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in the events
involved in initiating T-cell responses by the antigen receptor. Here we review the structure …

Whereas co-stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and CD28 triggers T-cell
activation, stimulation of the TCR alone may result in an anergic state or T-cell deletion, both …

Ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) regulate diverse cellular processes by mediating protein
ubiquitination. The c-Cbl proto-oncogene is a RING family E3 that recognizes activated …

Ligand-induced down-regulation of two growth factor receptors, EGF receptor (ErbB-1) and
ErbB-3, correlates with differential ability to recruit c-Cbl, whose invertebrate orthologs are …

Responses to extracellular stimuli are often transduced from cell-surface receptors to protein
tyrosine kinases which, when activated, initiate the formation of protein complexes that …

The c-Cbl protooncogene is a negative regulator for several receptor tyrosine kinases
(RTKs) through its ability to promote their polyubiquitination. Hence, uncoupling c-Cbl from …

Antigen receptor–triggered T-cell activation is mediated by the sequential action of the Src
and Syk/Zap-70 families of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Previously, we reported that …

The plasma membrane of mammalian cells contains detergent-resistant membrane rafts
enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. Although several important signaling …

T cells possess an array of functional capabilities important for host defense against
pathogens and tumors. T cell effector functions require the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) …

The PTPN22 locus is one of the strongest risk factors outside of the major histocompatability
complex that associates with autoimmune diseases. PTPN22 encodes lymphoid protein …