Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized the portable and stationary energy industry and
are finding widespread application in sectors such as automotive, consumer electronics …

For the estimation of the state of charge of lithium‐ion batteries Kalman filters are the state of
the art. To ensure precise and reliable estimations these filters use covariance matrices …

The peak power and state of charge of lithium-ion batteries are closely related to the safety
of electric vehicles. Accurate peak power and state of charge prediction can extend battery …

The management of electric vehicle (EV) batteries involves accurately estimating their state-
of-charge (SOC), which indicates remaining usable energy. Precise SOC estimation extends …

This article first establishes a second-order RC equivalent circuit model, uses the double
loop recursive least squares method for model parameter identification, and then estimates …