The literature on mixed-species flocks references a wide variety of bird associations. These
studies, however, have used an array of unstructured characteristics to describe flocks …

Mixed-species flocks of birds are distributed world-wide and can be especially dominant in
temperate forests during the non-breeding season and in tropical rainforests year-round. We …

Population expansion of the black‐winged kite Elanus caeruleus has been a global trend in
recent decades. Since first recorded in Taiwan in 2001, they rapidly occupied plains areas of …

Mixed-species flocks are ubiquitous in forest bird communities, yet the extent to which
positive (facilitative) or negative (competitive) interactions structure these assemblages has …

Besides competition, positive interactions also play an important role in shaping the social
structure of mixed‐species bird flocks. This study aimed to illuminate the interspecific …

Mixed-species flocks constitute community modules that can help test mechanisms driving
changes to community composition across environmental gradients. Here, we examined …

Birds in mixed-species flocks benefit from greater foraging efficiency and reduced predation,
but also face costs related to competition and activity matching. Because this cost–benefit …

Mixed-species flocks are an important component of bird communities, particularly in the
Neotropics, where flocks reach their highest diversity. The extent to which mixed-species …

We examined temporal and spatial effects on (1) overall flock composition, and (2) aspects
of the foraging behaviour of three bird species commonly participating in mixed-species …

Mixed-species foraging flocks of birds are found in many forest communities, both in
temperate and tropical forests. Such flocks are typically highly structured in terms of foraging …