Designed to improve human–machine interactions, virtual agents and particularly virtual
assistants (VAs) are spreading in our daily lives. Presenting a very wide variety of …

Models are the hallmark of mature scientific inquiry. In psychology, this maturity has been
reached in a pervasive question—what models best represent facial expressions of …

Communicating emotional intensity plays a vital ecological role because it provides valuable
information about the nature and likelihood of the sender's behavior. 1, 2, 3 For example …

This introductory chapter presents the motivations for this synthesis and its objectives. It also
outlines the overall perspective on culture that is adopted herein and the contributions this …

Smiling faces are often preferred in daily social interactions. Many socially interactive human-
like virtual agents are equipped with the capability to produce standardized smiles that are …

The use of computer vision to study psychological phenomena has become increasingly
popular over the last few decades, particularly for addressing facial appearance-based …

Immersive virtual worlds are increasingly being used for education, training, and
entertainment, and virtual humans that can interact with human users in these worlds play …

Communicating emotions and their intensity is critical to adaptive action because these
signals indicate both the nature and likelihood of threat vs. safety. To communicate such rich …