Abstract Space weather effects arise from the dynamic conditions in the Earth's space
environment driven by processes on the Sun. While some effects are influenced neither by …

Solar flare effects (Sfe) are rapid variations in the Earth's magnetic field and are related to
the enhancement of the amount of radiation produced during Solar flare events. They mainly …

On 30 October 2003, an ongoing geomagnetic superstorm knocked down a part of the high‐
voltage power transmission system in southern Sweden. The blackout lasted for an hour and …

In this paper we continue the community‐wide rigorous modern space weather model
validation efforts carried out within GEM, CEDAR and SHINE programs. In this particular …

A priori knowledge on large-scale sub-surface conductivity structure is required in many
applications investigating electrical properties of the lithosphere. A map on crustal …

One of the major challenges pertaining to extreme geomagnetic storms is to understand the
basic processes associated with the development of dynamic magnetosphere‐ionosphere …

Faraday's law of induction is responsible for setting up a geoelectric field due to the
variations in the geomagnetic field caused by ionospheric currents. This drives …

The ground magnetic field disturbance caused by ionospheric currents can be represented
by equivalent currents placed to the ionospheric plane. Equivalent currents provide valuable …

This is a review of the Spherical Elementary Current System or SECS method, and its
various applications to studying ionospheric current systems. In this chapter, the discussion …

This unique, authoritative book introduces and accurately depicts the current state-of-the art
in the field of space storms. Professor Koskinen, renowned expert in the field, takes the basic …