It is increasingly apparent that not only is a cure for the current worldwide diabetes epidemic
required, but also for its major complications, affecting both small and large blood vessels …

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is a protein secreted by podocytes that is
necessary for survival of endothelial cells, podocytes, and mesangial cells. VEGF-A …

Bile acids are ligands for the nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the
G protein–coupled receptor TGR5. We have shown that FXR and TGR5 have renoprotective …

Diabetes prevalence is constantly increasing and, nowadays, it affects more than 350 million
people worldwide. Therefore, the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has also …

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 mediates hypoxia-and chronic kidney disease–induced
fibrotic events. Here, we assessed whether HIF-1 blockade attenuates the manifestations of …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a frequent and severe microvascular complication associated
with oxidative stress of diabetes mellitus. A novel astaxanthin-based natural antioxidant …

Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease,
and histopathologic glomerular lesions are among the earliest structural alterations of DN …

Renal fibrosis is the result of renal tissue damage and repair response disorders. If fibrosis is
not effectively blocked, it causes loss of renal function, leading to chronic renal failure …

The sodium glucose co–transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors represent a promising treatment
option for diabetes and its common comorbidity, hypertension. Emerging data suggests that …

Rhubarb is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Rheum L.(Polygonaceae). Rhei Radix
et Rhizoma (rhubarb roots and rhizomes) is one of the most popular Chinese materia …