Codon usage bias is the preferential or non-random use of synonymous codons, a
ubiquitous phenomenon observed in bacteria, plants and animals. Different species have …

The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

We measured the expression pattern and analyzed codon usage in 8,133, 1,550, and 2,917
genes, respectively, from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and …

The study of evolution at the molecular level has given the subject of evolutionary biology a
new significance. Phylogenetic'trees' of gene sequences are a powerful tool for recovering …

Revealing the determinants of codon usage bias is central to the understanding of factors
governing viral evolution. Herein, we report the results of a survey of codon usage bias in a …

Viruses belonging to the Papillomaviridae family have been isolated from a variety of
mammals, birds and non-avian reptiles. It is likely that most, if not all, amniotes carry a broad …

Cellular efficiency in protein translation is an important fitness determinant in rapidly growing
organisms. It is widely believed that synonymous codons are translated with unequal …

Evolutionary mechanisms of origins of new gene function have been a subject of long-
standing debate. Here we report a convincing case in which positive Darwinian selection …

A number of fundamental mathematical models of the evolutionary process exhibit dynamics
that can be difficult to understand analytically. Here we show that a precise mathematical …

Although the X chromosome is usually similar to the autosomes in size and cytogenetic
appearance, theoretical models predict that its hemizygosity in males may cause unusual …