The fields of molecular evolution, genome evolution, and evolutionary genetics are now well-
established. Remarkably, however, although all evolutionary modifications begin at the …

The genetic code refers to a rule that maps 64 codons to 20 amino acids. Nearly all
organisms, with few exceptions, share the same genetic code, the standard genetic code …

The causes and consequences of the nonrandom structure of the standard genetic code
(SGC) have been of long-standing interest. A recent study reported that mutations in present …

The standard genetic code defines the rules of translation for nearly every life form on Earth.
It also determines the amino acid changes accessible via single-nucleotide mutations, thus …

Prokaryotic genomes in general exhibit marked organizational asymmetry, and differ
substantially in GC-skew, AT-skew, and GS-bias (gene strand bias). Despite enigmatic …

The standard genetic code has been shown to have multiple interesting properties which
impact on molecular biology and the evolutionary process. One facet of molecular biology …

Organisms evolve their genome materials by their habitat, external stresses, and
randomness. From the same common ancestor to different species, some biological …

The standard genetic code has been an object of fascination since it was discovered soon
after the discovery of the molecular structure of the means of inheritance. It has been studied …