The development of the nervous and vascular systems constitutes primary events in the
evolution of the animal kingdom; the former provides electrical stimuli and coordination …

Due to their permanent and close proximity to neurons, glial cells perform essential tasks for
the normal physiology of the retina. Astrocytes and Müller cells (retinal macroglia) provide …

OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A or VEGF) is a major pathogenic
factor and therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Since VEGF has been proposed …

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is the angiogenic factor promoting the
pathological neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is a major pathogenic factor and a therapeutic
target for age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of …

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a validated therapeutic target in several
angiogenic-and vascular permeability–related pathological conditions, including certain …

Abstract Extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), one of the best‐characterized
members of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediates a range of activity …

Intensive research in the last decade shows that the prototypic angiogenic factor vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can have direct effects in neurons and modulate processes …

The role of VEGF during development and in pathology is well known, but its function in
normal adult tissues is poorly understood. Adverse effects associated with the use of anti …

The interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) is a highly organized structure with interconnected
domains surrounding cone and rod photoreceptor cells and extends throughout the …