Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are constitutively expressed under physiological conditions in
most organisms but their expression can significantly enhance in response to four types of …

While most T cells use a CD3-associated α/β T cell receptor as antigen recognition structure,
a second population of T cells expresses the alternative γ/δ T cell receptor. γ/δ T cells are a …

Although the field of immunology developed in part from the early vaccine studies of Edward
Jenner, Louis Pasteur and others, vaccine development had largely become the province of …

Vaccines have been a major innovation in the history of mankind and still have the potential
to address the challenges posed by chronic intracellular infections including tuberculosis …

Recent advances in γδ T cell biology have focused on the unique attributes of these cells
and their role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, promoting tissue homeostasis …

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and is
particularly important in warding off bacterial and viral infections presenting at the mucosal …

We show that HIV-1–infected patients have increased concentrations of circulating Vδ1 T
cells (2.2%-9.0% of T lymphocytes; healthy donors, 1.0%-2%) and, in some instances, Vδ2 T …

The earliest defense against microbial infection is represented by the responses of the
innate (or natural) immune system, that also profoundly regulates the adaptive (or acquired) …

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are ubiquitous and phylogenetically conserved molecules. They
are usually considered to be intracellular proteins with molecular chaperone and …

Mucosal tissues are the primary site of natural HIV transmission and a major reservoir for
HIV replication. Targeting immune responses to the mucosal entry site before viral …