Respiratory sensitization is a complex immunological process eventually leading to
hypersensitivity following re-exposure to the chemical. A frequent consequence is …

Simple Summary Allergic, inflammatory, or autoimmune diseases are characterized by
exaggerated immune responses to harmless proteins such as pollen, dust mites, and foods …

Background: Key characteristics (KCs), properties of agents or exposures that confer
potential hazard, have been developed for carcinogens and other toxicant classes. KCs …

The assessment of the allergenic potential of chemicals, crucial for ensuring public health
safety, faces challenges in accuracy and raises ethical concerns due to reliance on animal …

Chemical respiratory sensitisation is a serious health problem. However, to date, there are
no validated test methods available for identifying respiratory sensitisers. The aim of this …

Despite decades of investigation, test methods to identify respiratory sensitizers remain an
unmet regulatory need. In order to support the evaluation of New Approach Methodologies …

Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous indoor air pollutant emitted from construction, consumer,
and combustion-related products, and ozone-initiated reactions with reactive organic …

Although several in vitro assays that predict the sensitizing potential of chemicals have been
developed, none can distinguish between chemical respiratory and skin sensitizers …

This review addresses the need for a framework to increase the consistency, objectivity and
transparency in the regulatory assessment of respiratory sensitisers and associated …

Asthma is of concern in occupational toxicology with significant public-health and economic
costs. In the absence of benchmark in vivo and in vitro tests, the use of mechanistically …