Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have remarkably different structures as well as biological
activity profiles, whereupon most of these peptides are supposed to kill bacteria via …

The protonation state of soluble and membrane-associated macromolecules dictates their
charge, conformation, and functional activity. In addition, protons (H+ or their equivalents) …

Gasdermin-D (GsdmD) is a critical mediator of innate immune defense because its cleavage
by the inflammatory caspases 1, 4, 5, and 11 yields an N-terminal p30 fragment that induces …

Once described as mere “bags of enzymes,” bacterial cells are in fact highly organized, with
many macromolecules exhibiting nonuniform localization patterns. Yet the physical and …

A fundamental question in cell biology, under investigation for over six decades, is the
structural organization of mitochondrial cristae. Long known to harbor electron transport …

The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of roughly equal proportions of lipids and
proteins. The main lipid components are phospholipids, which vary in acyl chain length …

Since it has been recognized that mitochondria are crucial not only for energy metabolism
but also for other cellular functions, there has been a growing interest in cardiolipin, the …

Dominant optic atrophy is one of the leading causes of childhood blindness. Around 60–
80% of cases are caused by mutations of the gene that encodes optic atrophy protein 1 …

Spatial organization is a hallmark of all living systems. Even bacteria, the smallest forms of
cellular life, display defined shapes and complex internal organization, showcasing a highly …

Cardiolipin is a cone-shaped lipid predominantly localized in curved membrane sites of
bacteria and in the mitochondrial cristae. This specific localization has been argued to be …