Background The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the
endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence …

Ghrelin, a gastric-derived acylated peptide, regulates energy homeostasis by transmitting
information about peripheral nutritional status to the brain, and is essential for protecting …

Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body.
Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial …

Feeding behavior is often separated into homeostatic and hedonic components. Hedonic
feeding, which can be triggered by visual or olfactory food cues, involves brain regions that …

Alzheimer's disease and other related neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating
disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Efforts towards developing effective …

Ghrelin, an acylated upper gastrointestinal peptide, is the only known orexigenic hormone.
Considerable evidence implicates ghrelin in mealtime hunger and meal initiation …

Appetite and body weight regulation are controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) in a
rather complicated manner. The human brain plays a central role in integrating internal and …

To advance our understanding of how the brain makes food decisions, it is essential to
combine knowledge from two fields that have not yet been well integrated: the neuro …

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to mediate the effects of exercise
on synaptic plasticity and cognitive function, in a process in which energy metabolism …

Many peptides are synthesized and released from the gastrointestinal tract. Although their
roles in the regulation of gastrointestinal function have been known for some time, it is now …