Cytokines, produced at the site of entry of a pathogen, drive inflammatory signals that
regulate the capacity of resident and newly arrived phagocytes to destroy the invading …

Interferons (IFNs) are the hallmark of the vertebrate antiviral system. Two of the three IFN
families identified in higher vertebrates are now known to be important for antiviral defence …

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses
trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a …

Interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host defense against virus infection. The recent
years have witnessed tremendous progress in understanding of fish IFN antiviral response …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

Macrophages are found across all vertebrate species, reside in virtually all animal tissues,
and play critical roles in host protection and homeostasis. Various mechanisms determine …

Fish type I IFNs are classified into two groups with two (group I) or four (group II) cysteines in
the mature peptide and can be further divided into four subgroups, termed IFN-a,-b,-c, and-d …

We investigated the antiviral activity and gene induction properties of interferon gamma (IFN-
γ) compared to type I IFN (IFNa1) in Atlantic salmon. IFN-γ protected salmon cells against …

Viruses are the most serious pathogenic threat to the production of the main aquacultured
salmonid species the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Atlantic salmon Salmo …

Abstract Type I IFNs (IFN-I) are cytokines, which play a crucial role in innate and adaptive
immunity against viruses of vertebrates. In essence, IFN-I are induced and secreted upon …