Streptococcus pneumoniae has a complex relationship with its obligate human host. On the
one hand, the pneumococci are highly adapted commensals, and their main reservoir on the …

Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root
causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options …

Abstract In 2003 the World Health Organization (WHO) convened a working group and
published a set of standard methods for studies measuring nasopharyngeal carriage of …

Controlled human infection (CHI) trials, in which healthy volunteers are experimentally
infected, can accelerate the development of novel drugs and vaccines for infectious …

The timelines for developing vaccines against infectious diseases are lengthy, and often
vaccines that reach the stage of large phase 3 field trials fail to provide the desired level of …

Infectious diseases are a major cause for morbidity and mortality in the older population.
Demographic changes will lead to increasing numbers of older persons over the next …

The olfactory organ of vertebrates receives chemical cues present in the air or water and, at
the same time, they are exposed to invading pathogens. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue …

Rationale: The immunological and protective role of pneumococcal carriage in healthy
adults is not known, but high rates of disease and death in the elderly are associated with …

In this review we give an update on the mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity against
Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the major human bacterial pathogens that is a common …

Rationale: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Streptococcus pneumoniae are major
respiratory pathogens. Coinfection with RSV and S. pneumoniae is associated with severe …