Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-
stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans …

Influenza A virus is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens that can cause severe
symptoms and has the potential to cause high number of deaths and great economic loss …

Game animals are wildlife species traded and consumed as food and are potential
reservoirs for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. We performed a meta-transcriptomic analysis of …

Summary Background The H3N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been circulating in wild
birds, with occasional interspecies transmission to mammals. The first human infection of …

The first confirmed outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in birds was
documented in Scotland in 1959 with the influenza A H5N1 subtype, although there have …

Influenza viruses need to use sialic acid receptors to invade host cells, and the α-2, 3 and α-
2, 6 sialic acids glycosidic bonds linking the terminal sialic acids are generally considered to …

Since the 20 th century, humans have lived through five pandemics caused by influenza A
viruses (IAVs)(H1N1/1918, H2N2/1957, H3N2/1968, and H1N1/2009) and the coronavirus …

In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing
huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, H9N2 …

Two novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) clade 2.3. 4.4 b. 2
were identified in dead migratory birds in China in November 2021. The viruses probably …

In the past century, we have seen four pandemics caused by human influenza A: H1N1
Spanish influenza (1918–1920), H2N2 Asian influenza (1957–58), H3N2 Hong Kong …