Thanks to advances in neuroscience, biopsychosocial models for diagnostics and treatment
(including physical, psychological, and pharmacological therapies) currently have more …

Abstract Development and application of psychophysical test paradigms to assess
endogenous pain modulation in healthy controls and in patients yielded large body of data …

The reviewed literature refines the methodology used for eliciting CPM responses and
characterizing their physiological attributes in healthy individuals and pain patients, and …

Accumulating evidence reveal important applications of endogenous pain modulation
assessment in healthy controls and in patients in clinical settings, as dysregulations in the …

Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is a promising psychophysical biomarker of central pain
mechanisms because it significantly discriminates patients with chronic pain from healthy …

Objectives Several authors have evaluated different pain measurements, including
quantitative sensory testing (QST), temporal summation (TS), and conditioned pain …

The antinociceptive effect of BoNT-A have been well documented in animal studies;
however, results of few but well-designed randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials …

Chronic pain is a major global health issue that affects all populations regardless of sex,
age, ethnicity/race, or country of origin, leading to persistent physical and emotional distress …

The response of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) is often decreased, or lost, in
stress-related functional pain syndromes. Because the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor …

Objectives: In chronic pain patients, impaired conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and
exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) have been reported. No studies have compared CPM …