The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has
caused a devastating pandemic. Although most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop …

Influenza virus and coronavirus epidemics or pandemics have occurred in succession
worldwide throughout the early 21st century. These epidemics or pandemics pose a major …

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in tremendous loss worldwide. Although viral spike (S) …

Type I interferon (IFN) is produced when host sensors detect foreign nucleic acids, but how
sensors differentiate self from nonself nucleic acids, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) …

Zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) are substantial threats to global health, as exemplified by the
emergence of two severe acute respiratory syndrome CoVs (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) …

Severe influenza disease strikes otherwise healthy children and remains unexplained. We
report compound heterozygous null mutations in IRF7, which encodes the transcription …

Interferons (IFNs) exert their anti-viral effects by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-
stimulated genes (ISGs). The activity of known ISGs is insufficient to account for the …

The current pandemic of COVID-19 has caused severe morbidity and mortality across the
globe. People with a smoking history have severe disease outcomes by COVID-19 infection …

The ongoing pandemic illustrates limited therapeutic options for controlling SARS-CoV-2
infections, calling a need for additional therapeutic targets. The viral spike S glycoprotein …

Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates cellular redox balance and the expression of a
wide array of genes involved in immunity and inflammation, including antiviral actions. Nrf2 …