Background Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and the
fifth cause of death among all cancer patients. Breast cancer development is driven by …

Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels and
has been characterized as an essential process for tumor cell proliferation and viability. This …

Distinct tumor microenvironment forms in each progression step of cancer and has diverse
capacities to induce both adverse and beneficial consequences for tumorigenesis. It is now …

In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released an important report entitled
“Innovation/Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical …

Immune checkpoint blockade therapies fail to induce responses in the majority of cancer
patients, so how to increase the objective response rate becomes an urgent challenge …

Objective Macrophages show extreme heterogeneity and different subsets have been
characterized by their activation route and their function. For instance, macrophage subsets …

Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that present as different functional phenotypes due to
their plasticity. They can be classified into two categories, namely M1-and M2-like …

Cancer is a systemic disease encompassing multiple components of both tumor cells
themselves and host stromal cells. It is now clear that stromal cells in the tumor …

When cancer metastasizes to bone, considerable pain and deregulated bone remodelling
occurs, greatly diminishing the possibility of cure. Metastasizing tumour cells mobilize and …

Of the multiple unique stromal cell types common to solid tumors, tumor-associated
macrophages (TAMs) are significant for fostering tumor progression. The protumor …