Rhythmic movements are produced by central pattern-generating networks whose output is
shaped by sensory and neuromodulatory inputs to allow the animal to adapt its movements …

Octopamine (OA), a biogenic monoamine structurally related to noradrenaline, acts as a
neurohormone, a neuromodulator and a neurotransmitter in invertebrates. It is present in …

Octopamine (OCT) belongs to a group of compounds known as biogenic amines. OCT, a
monohydroxylic analog of norepinephrine, is found in both vertebrate and invertebrate …

The biogenic amine octopamine modulates diverse behaviors in invertebrates. At the single
neuron level, the mode of action is well understood in the peripheral nervous system owing …

A complex cascade of neuronal, hormonal, muscular, and metabolic events leads to the
initiation and maintenance of a behavioral act. Hormones are released to mobilize metabolic …

Background Activity-dependent modulation of sensory systems has been documented in
many organisms and is likely to be essential for appropriate processing of information during …

Intraspecific aggression is influenced in numerous animal groups by the previous behavioral
experiences of the competitors. The underlying mechanisms are, however, mostly obscure …

Octopamine functions as a neuromodulator, neurotransmitter, and neurohormone in insect
nervous systems. Octopamine has a prominent role in influencing multiple physiological …

Honey bees, Apis mellifera, which perform hygienic behavior, quickly detect, uncap and
remove diseased brood from the nest. This behavior, performed by bees 15–20 days old …

Insect flight is one of the fastest, most intense and most energy-demanding motor behaviors.
It is modulated on multiple levels by the biogenic amine octopamine. Within the CNS …