The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 enters into the human body mainly through the ACE2+
TMPRSS2+ nasal epithelial cells. The initial host response to this pathogen occurs in a …

abstract Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is a subgroup of chronic rhinosinusitis
with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), which is associated with severe eosinophilic infiltration and …

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by IgE
hyperproduction and eosinophilic inflammation. The anti-IgE antibody, omalizumab, has …

Objective With the advent of new treatment options for Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) comes
the ability for physicians to provide more individualized patient care. Physicians are now …

Objective Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disorder with distinct
pathophysiologic mechanisms. Based on transcription factor expression and cytokine …

Abstract Purpose of Review Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is correlated with the
development of persistent severe inflammatory disease of the upper airway including …

Background The cause of severe nasal polyposis in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease
(AERD) is unknown. Elevated antibody levels have been associated with disease severity in …

There is growing evidence of the role of S. aureus in innate and adaptive immunity, which
contribute to Th2 inflammation in CRSwNP. Innate immunity, including epithelial-derived …

Allergic rhinitis (AR), many presentations of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and most
presentations of CRS with nasal polyposis (NP) are recognized as type 2 (T2) inflammatory …

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant Ig in mucosae where it plays key roles in host
defense against pathogens and in mucosal immunoregulation. Whereas intense research …