Clientelism is characterized by the combination of particularistic targeting and contingency-
based exchange. This method of contingent exchange thrives in both autocracies and …

▪ Abstract This article reviews research on electoral fraud—clandestine and illegal efforts to
shape election results. Only a handful of works classify reports on electoral fraud to identify …

Democracy for Sale is an on-the-ground account of Indonesian democracy, analyzing its
election campaigns and behind-the-scenes machinations. Edward Aspinall and Ward …

Parliaments around the world are still overwhelmingly populated by men, yet studies of male
dominance are much rarer than are studies of female under-representation. In this book …

Most models and empirical tests of the relationship between corruption and democracy
assume corruption falls as democracy matures. Yet recent theoretical developments and …

Research in many countries shows that where voters and campaign workers are motivated
by material rewards, the brokerage networks delivering those rewards can be highly …

Conceiving of populism as the charismatic mobilization of a mass movement in pursuit of
political power, this Element theorizes that populists thrive where ties between voters and …

This book seeks to illuminate how Thai elites have used democracy as an instrument for
order and discipline. Drawing on interviews, numerous Thai language sources, and critical …

Ditulis berdasarkan hasil penelitian lapangan dan survei ahli yang luas, Democracy for Sale
menyediakan suatu analisis tentang demokrasi Indonesia yang bersentuhan langsung …

Traditional leaders are often given subnational authority in developing democracies.
Although ubiquitous, the electoral consequences of their power have received little attention …