Reverse transcription and integration are the defining features of the Retroviridae; the
common name “retrovirus” derives from the fact that these viruses use a virally encoded …

Intrinsic antiviral immunity refers to a form of innate immunity that directly restricts viral
replication and assembly, thereby rendering a cell nonpermissive to a specific class or …

One of the features of primate immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs) that distinguishes
them from other retroviruses is the array of" accessory" proteins they encode. Here, we …

Human DNA cytosine-to-uracil deaminases catalyze mutations in both pathogen and
cellular genomes. APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H restrict human …

Human APOBEC3 enzymes are cellular DNA cytidine deaminases that inhibit and/or mutate
a variety of retroviruses, retrotransposons, and DNA viruses. Here, we report a detailed …

All retroviruses, including HIV-1, display species-specific patterns of infection. The impaired
growth of these retroviruses in foreign and sometimes even in their natural hosts often stems …

The ability to regulate and even target mutagenesis is an extremely valuable cellular asset.
Enzyme-catalyzed DNA cytosine deamination is a molecular strategy employed by …

Members of the APOBEC family of cellular cytidine deaminases represent a recently
identified group of proteins that provide immunity to infection by retroviruses and protect the …

Several members of the APOBEC3 family of cellular restriction factors provide intrinsic
immunity to the host against viral infection. Specifically, APOBEC3DE, APOBEC3F …

APOBEC3G (A3G) is a host cytidine deaminase that, in the absence of Vif, restricts HIV-1
replication and reduces the amount of viral DNA that accumulates in cells. Initial studies …