Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of
responses: an innate immune response that recognizes pathogenassociated molecular …

Pathogen infections are recognized by the immune system, which consists of two types of
responses: an innate immune response and an antigen-specific adaptive immune response …

Alarmin cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) function
as danger signals to trigger host immunity in response to tissue injury caused by pathogenic …

The hygiene hypothesis proposes that decreased exposure to infectious agents in
developed countries may contribute to the development of allergic and autoimmune …

Trichinellosis, which is caused by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), is a serious zoonosis. Pigs
play an important role in the transmission of human trichinellosis. Characterizing the …

Trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Trichinella spiralis, and it is also a
widely prevalent foodborne parasitic disease. At present, albendazole and benzimidazole …

The intestinal phase is critical for trichinellosis caused by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), as it
determines both process and consequences of the disease. Several previous studies have …

Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is an important infectious disease caused by the
metacestode larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis, seriously threatening global public …

The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the
CD4+ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the …

Adipose tissue is composed mainly by adipocytes and stromal-vascular fraction, which are
composed by different cell types including macrophages. There are three types of adipose …