Liver metastases are commonly detected in a range of malignancies including colorectal
cancer (CRC), pancreatic cancer, melanoma, lung cancer and breast cancer, although CRC …

Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) with antibodies targeting the programmed cell death 1 protein
(PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis have changed the standard of care in …

Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also named macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, is a
divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. While physiological …

Patients with cancer with liver metastasis demonstrate significantly worse outcomes than
those without liver metastasis when treated with anti–PD-1 immunotherapy. The mechanism …

Decades of advancements in immuno-oncology have enabled the development of current
immunotherapies, which provide long-term treatment responses in certain metastatic cancer …

Importance Microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer has been historically
characterized as resistant to immunotherapy. Recent studies have demonstrated limited …

Importance Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have limited activity in microsatellite-stable
(MSS) or mismatch repair–proficient (pMMR) colorectal cancer. Recent findings suggest the …

Objective The monoclonal antibodies anti-programmed death protein-1 (anti–PD-1)
nivolumab and pembrolizumab are the first immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) approved for …

Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors has evolved into a new pillar of
cancer treatment in clinics, but dealing with treatment resistance (either primary or acquired) …

Introduction We analysed patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who
were treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to address the effect of the timeline …