In the assessment of speaking, a psycholinguistically based speaking construct has
predominated. In this paper, we argue for the integration of the construct of interactional …

The ability to interact with others has gained recognition as part of the L2 speaking construct
in the assessment literature and in high-and low-stakes speaking assessments. This paper …

Where is language? Answers to this have attempted to'incorporate'language in an'extended
mind', through cognition that is' embodied','distributed','situated'or'ecological'. Behind these …

This study investigated the effects of two different planning time conditions (ie, operational
[20 s] and extended length [90 s]) for the lecture listening‐into‐speaking tasks of the TOEFL …

This study explores the use by examinees of claims of epistemic primacy, in the form of noun-
copula clause constructions, as devices through which to perform the social action of …

Since its emergence in the late nineteenth century, the 'native speaker'has proven to be both
a liberating and an oppressive concept in applied linguistics. Over several decades Alan …

An assumption underlying speaking tests is that scores reflect the ability to produce online,
non-rehearsed speech. Speech produced in testing situations may, however, be less …

Linking one's contribution to those of others' is a salient feature demonstrating interactional
competence in paired/group speaking assessments. While such responses are to be …

While Interactional Competence (IC) has been a facet of models of competence for as long
as communicative competence has existed (Hymes, 1974), a psycholinguistic approach …

Two assumptions of speaking proficiency tests are that the speech produced is spontaneous
and the the scores on those tests predict what examinees can do in real-world …