The adaptation of populations to local environments often relies on the selection of optimal
values for polygenic traits. Here, we first summarize the results obtained from different …

Deciphering the genotype–phenotype map necessitates relating variation at the genetic
level to variation at the phenotypic level. This endeavour is inherently limited by the …

Background Artificial selection played an important role in the origin of modern Glycine max
cultivars from the wild soybean Glycine soja. To elucidate the consequences of artificial …

The evolution of gene expression is constrained by the topology of gene regulatory
networks, as co-expressed genes are likely to have their expressions affected together by …

Genes and proteins rarely act in isolation, but they rather operate as components of complex
networks of interacting molecules. Therefore, for understanding their evolution, it may be …

Background Proteins evolve at disparate rates, as a result of the action of different types and
strengths of evolutionary forces. An open question in evolutionary biology is what factors are …

Proteins undergo changes in their amino acid sequences over evolutionary time, as a result
of the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations in their encoding genes. Genes and …

This book summarizes the knowledge in the field of methods to identify signatures of natural
selection. A number of mathematical models and methods have been designed to identify …

In the mid of 1990s, Andreas Wagner proposed a gene regulatory network model where the
selfdevelopment process was explicitly modelled in the system. The many-to-one mapping …

Regulatory networks play a central role in the modulation of gene expression, the control of
cellular differentiation, and the emergence of complex phenotypes. Regulatory networks …