Light is necessary for life, and artificial light improves visual performance and safety, but
there is an increasing concern of the potential health and environmental impacts of light …

Mammalian circadian rhythms are controlled by endogenous biological oscillators, including
a master clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Since the period …

Objective Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are photoreceptors driving circadian
photoentrainment, and circadian dysfunction characterizes Alzheimer disease (AD). We …

Light around twilight provides the primary entrainment signal for circadian rhythms. Here we
review the mechanisms and responses of the mouse and human circadian systems to light …

Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not
delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is …

The mammalian circadian system is a complex hierarchical temporal network which is
organized around an ensemble of uniquely coupled cells comprising the principal circadian …

Human vision starts with the activation of rod photoreceptors in dim light and short (S)-,
medium (M)-, and long (L)-wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors in daylight. Recently a …

This review summarizes our current knowledge of primate including human retina focusing
on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells and their connectivity. We have two main …

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …

A rare type of ganglion cell in mammalian retina is directly photosensitive. These novel
retinal photoreceptors express the photopigment melanopsin. They send axons directly to …