With an increasingly aging society, bone defects and fractures have become significant
threats to human health and quality of life. Currently, autologous and allogeneic bone grafts …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells with the unique ability to resorb bone matrix. Excessive
production or activation of osteoclasts leads to skeletal pathologies that affect a significant …

Macrophages are innate immune cells in the organism and can be found in almost tissues
and organs. They are highly plastic and heterogeneous cells and can participate in the …

During aging and after traumatic injuries, cartilage and bone cells are exposed to various
pathophysiologic mediators, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), damage-associated …

Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation.
The TNF-mediated biosynthesis of glutathione has been shown to protect synovial …

Macrophages play a central role in immunological responses to metallic species associated
with the localized corrosion of metallic implants, and mediating in peri-implant …

In recent years, researchers have become focused on the relationship between lipids and
bone metabolism balance. Moreover, many diseases related to lipid metabolism disorders …

The intervertebral disc (IVD) aids in motion and acts to absorb energy transmitted to the
spine. With little inherent regenerative capacity, degeneration of the intervertebral disc …

Bone homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium state of bone formation and absorption,
ensuring skeletal development and repair. Bone immunity encompasses all aspects of the …

In recent years, the rate of implant failure has been increasing. Microbial infection was the
primary cause, and the main stages included bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and …