Background Smoking is the leading preventable cause of illness and premature death
worldwide. Some medications have been proven to help people to quit, with three licensed …

Background Tobacco smoking remains one of the few preventable factors associated with
complications in pregnancy, and has serious long‐term implications for women and babies …

This Executive Summary of the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and
Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 …

Background Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti‐inflammatory drugs that have proven
benefits for people with worsening symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease …

BACKGROUND: COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States as
well as throughout the rest of the world. An exacerbation of COPD (periodic escalations of …

Background Smoking cessation is the most important treatment for smokers with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known about the effectiveness of different …

Objective A systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of electronic
nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS) …

One hundred million deaths were caused by tobacco in the 20th century, and it is estimated
that there will be up to one billion deaths attributed to tobacco use in the 21st century …

Cigarette smoking (CS) can impact the immune system and induce pulmonary disorders
such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is currently the fourth leading …

Background Tiotropium is an anticholinergic agent which has gained widespread
acceptance as a once daily maintenance therapy for symptoms and exacerbations of stable …