A new growing area of neutrosophic set (NS) theory called complex neutrosophic sets
(CNS) provides useful tools for dealing with uncertainty in complex valued physical …

Graph theory examines networks consisting of nodes (vertices) and the connections (edges)
between them. Mixed graphs, which combine both undirected and directed edges, provide a …

Graph characteristics are often studied through various parameters, with ongoing research
dedicated to exploring these aspects. Among these, graph width parameters—such as …

Graph characteristics are frequently examined using a variety of parameters, with ongoing
research focused on exploring these aspects. A fuzzy graph is a mathematical model in …

A graph parameter is a numerical value assigned to a graph that describes specific
structural properties, such as size or connectivity. A” graph width parameter” measures the …

In this work, we define Interval-valued Fermatean neutrosophic graphs (IVFNS) and present
some operations on Interval-valued Fermatean neutrosophic graphs. Further, we introduce …

The Neutrosophic Set (N set) represents the uncertainty in data with fuzzy attributes beyond
true and false values independently. The problem arises when the summation of true (T r) …

Contemporary mathematical techniques have been crafted to address the uncertainty of
numerous real-world settings, including Fermatean neutrosophic fuzzy set theory …

In the study of uncertainty, concepts such as fuzzy sets [113], fuzzy graphs [79], and
neutrosophic sets [88] have been extensively investigated. This paper focuses on a novel …

This paper is a continuation of the work presented in [35]. The Neutrosophic Set provides a
mathematical framework for managing uncertainty, characterized by three membership …