During vertebrate craniofacial development, neural crest cells (NCCs) contribute much of the
cartilage, bone and connective tissue that make up the developing head. Although the initial …

Neural crest cells (NCCs) comprise a multipotent, migratory cell population that generates a
diverse array of cell and tissue types during vertebrate development. These include cartilage …

Charles Darwin's experiences in the Galápagos Islands in 1835 helped to guide his
thoughts toward a revolutionary theory: that species were not fixed but diversified from their …

The vertebrate cranial base is a complex structure composed of bone, cartilage and other
connective tissues underlying the brain; it is intimately connected with development of the …

Research conducted under the label of evolutionary developmental biology has tended to
revolve around a few central issues such as modularity, integration, and canalization. Yet, as …

Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give
rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in …

The Hedgehog signalling pathway plays a fundamental role in orchestrating normal
craniofacial development in vertebrates. In particular, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is produced in …

Defects of articular cartilage present a unique clinical challenge due to its poor self-healing
capacity and avascular nature. Current surgical treatment options do not ensure consistent …

Since its initial discovery in a Drosophila mutagenesis screen, the Hedgehog pathway has
been revealed to be instrumental in the proper development of the vertebrate face …

The effect of the brain on the morphology of the face has long been recognized in both
evolutionary biology and clinical medicine. In this work, we describe factors that are active …