In the past, studies of stratosphere‐troposphere exchange of mass and chemical species
have mainly emphasized the synoptic‐and small‐scale mechanisms of exchange. This …

Ozone plays a very important role in our atmosphere because it protects any living
organisms at the Earth's surface against the harmful solar UVB and UVC radiation. In the …

Observed climate change and variability (for definitions, see the IPCC Glossary, Appendix I)
are considered in this chapter by addressing seven commonly asked questions related to …

Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, no control of black carbon (BC) was considered. Here, it is
found, through simulations in which 12 identifiable effects of aerosol particles on climate are …

Two important new findings since the IPCC WGI Second Assessment Report (IPCC,
1996)(hereafter SAR) demonstrate the importance of atmospheric chemistry in controlling …

The observed cooling of the lower stratosphere over the last two decades has been
attributed, in previous studies, largely to a combination of stratospheric ozone loss and …

Detailed shortwave and longwave radiative transfer models are used to calculate the
radiative forcing and temperature trends due to stratospheric ozone depletion. These were …

Trends and variations in global stratospheric temperatures are an integral part of the
changes occurring in the Earth's climate system. Data sets for analyzing long‐term (a …

• The estimate of warming since the late 19th century has not significantly changed since the
estimates in IPCC (1990) and IPCC (1992), although the data have been reanalysed, and …

Aerosol surface area distributions inferred from satelliteborne 1‐μm extinction
measurements are used as input to a two‐dimensional model to study the effects of …