Research on the effects of opioids on immune responses was stimulated in the 1980s by the
intersection of use of intravenous heroin and HIV infection, to determine if opioids were …

The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the
comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent …

The present experiments examined the role of spinal proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin-
1β (IL-1)] and chemokines (fractalkine) in acute analgesia and in the development of …

It is now clear that opioid receptors participate in the function of the cells of the immune
system, and evidence suggests that opioids modulate both innate and acquired immune …

Sodium valproate (VPA) is frequently used to treat epilepsy and convulsive disorders.
Several reports have indicated that anti-epileptic drugs (AED) affect the immune system, but …

Gut homeostasis plays an important role in maintaining animal and human health. The
disruption of gut homeostasis has been shown to be associated with multiple diseases. The …

Opioids are powerful analgesics but also drugs of abuse. Because opioid addicts are
susceptible to certain infections, opioids have been suspected to suppress the immune …

Chronic morphine use impairs host innate immune response and increases susceptibility to
bacteria and virus. In this study a novel mouse model of chronic morphine treatment …

The transition from acute to chronic pain is an ongoing major problem for individuals, society
and healthcare systems around the world. It is clear chronic pain is a complex …

Simple Summary Recent evidence indicates that opioids can be active at a receptor that is
abundantly expressed on innate immune cells as well as cancer cells: the receptor is termed …