By synthesizing recent studies employing a wide range of approaches (modern
observations, paleo reconstructions, and climate model simulations), this paper provides a …

Most detection and attribution studies use climate models to determine both the expected
'fingerprint'of climate change and the uncertainty in the estimated magnitude of this …

In recent decades, Arctic sea-ice coverage underwent a drastic decline in winter, when sea
ice is expected to recover following the melting season. It is unclear to what extent …

Past research argues for an internal multidecadal (40-to 60-year) oscillation distinct from
climate noise. Recent studies have claimed that this so-termed Atlantic Multidecadal …

New observations and new research have increased our understanding of past, current, and
future climate change since the Third US National Climate Assessment (NCA3) was …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

The global climate has been experiencing significant warming at an unprecedented pace in
the past century,. This warming is spatially and temporally non-uniform, and one needs to …

Global warming first became evident beyond the bounds of natural variability in the 1970s,
but increases in global mean surface temperatures have stalled in the 2000s. Increases in …

Despite a steady increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), global-mean surface
temperature (T) has shown no discernible warming since about 2000, in sharp contrast to …

Barsugli, J., C. Anderson, JB Smith, and JM Vogel, 2009: Options for improving climate
modeling to assist water utility planning for climate change. Western Utilities Climate …