PD-1–PD-L1 interaction is known to drive T cell dysfunction, which can be blocked by anti-
PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. However, studies have also shown that the function of the PD-1–PD …

Adult bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells offer the potential to open a new
frontier in medicine. Regenerative medicine aims to replace effete cells in a broad range of …

Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) have emerged as a powerful treatment
option for individuals with B cell malignancies but have yet to achieve success in treating …

T lymphocyte receptor CTLA-4 binds costimulatory molecules CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2)
with high avidity and negatively regulates T cell activation. CTLA-4 functions at the cell …

It is now possible to grow DC-like cells in culture17-21 and extensive cell membrane
processes that are acquired late the first monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) 22, 23 that react …

Interactions between the immune system and malignant cells play an important role in
tumorigenesis. Failure of the immune system to detect and reject transformed cells may lead …

Despite significant progress in the past 20 years, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains
a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell …

One of the most controversial issues in immunology for over a century has been whether an
effective immune response can be elicited against malignant tumours. Whether the …

Human tumors express a number of protein antigens that can be recognized by T cells, thus
providing potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Dendritic cells (DCs) are rare …

Interferon (IFN)-γ and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)
enhance tumor immunogenicity. The authors assessed tolerability and effectiveness of a …