The major focus of this Review is on the mechanisms of islet β cell failure in the
pathogenesis of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2D). As this demise occurs within the …

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by progressive β-cell failure. Apoptosis is
probably the main form of β-cell death in both forms of the disease. It has been suggested …

Glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and glucolipotoxicity are secondary phenomena that are proposed
to play a role in all forms of type 2 diabetes. The underlying concept is that once the primary …

The biggest drawback of a current diabetes therapy is the treatment of the consequences not
the cause of the disease. Regardless of the diabetes type, preservation and recovery of …

The concept of glucolipotoxicity refers to the combined, deleterious effects of elevated
glucose, and fatty acid levels on pancreatic beta-cell function and survival. Significant …

Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing, NADH-
dependent oxidoreductase residing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space whose …

We have proposed the “glucolipotoxicity” hypothesis in which elevated free fatty acids
(FFAs) together with hyperglycemia are synergistic in causing islet β-cell damage because …

Chronic free fatty acid (FFA) exposure induces pancreatic β-cell death, which may contribute
to the development of type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms involved in FFA-induced cell death …

Apoptosis is probably the main form of β-cell death in both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
and T2DM. In T1DM, cytokines contribute to β-cell destruction through nuclear factor-κB (NF …

Patients with the metabolic syndrome are characterized by insulin resistance, obesity and a
predisposition to hypertension, dyslipidaemia, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, type 2 diabetes …