Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an essential component of systemic chemotherapy for colorectal
cancer (CRC) in the palliative and adjuvant settings. Over the past four decades, several …

Chemoresistance is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer and it continues to
be a challenge in cancer treatment. Chemoresistance is influenced by genetic and …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) not only plays a pivotal role during cancer progression
and metastasis but also has profound effects on therapeutic efficacy. In the case of …

Cancer drug resistance continues to be a major impediment in medical oncology. Clinically,
resistance can arise prior to or as a result of cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss …

Acquired resistance to anticancer treatments is a substantial barrier to reducing the
morbidity and mortality that is attributable to malignant tumors. Components of tissue …

Rapidly growing malignant tumors frequently encounter hypoxia and nutrient (eg, glucose)
deprivation, which occurs because of insufficient blood supply. This results in necrotic cell …

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal malignancy among the gynecological cancers, with a 5‐
year survival rate, mainly due to being diagnosed at advanced stages, recurrence and …

Altered metabolism in cancer cells is suspected to contribute to chemoresistance, but the
precise mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that intracellular ATP levels are a core …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major clinical obstacle to successful cancer treatment.
Although diverse mechanisms of MDR have been well elucidated, such as dysregulation of …

The ability of tumor cells to escape immune destruction and their acquired resistance to
chemotherapy are major obstacles to effective cancer therapy. Although immune checkpoint …